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Panels A through C display three graphs plotting the frequency deviations for samples A, B.1, and C, respectively. The x-axis denotes fn in GHz, and the y-axis displays fn - n∆0 in MHz. Each graph displays a wave-like solid line (blue for A, orange for B, and green for C), with grey lines marking the minimum and maximum of a simple two-layer fit. Panels D through F display three graphs plotting energy participations calculated from the multilayer model for samples A, B.1, and C. The x-axis denotes fn in GHz, and the y-axis displays px. The blue line denotes piezo, a pink line denotes bulk, and a purple line denotes defect. Black, dashed, and dotted lines correspond to total, potential, and kinetic participation ratios for each layer, respectively.
A series of three, two-dimensional heatmaps showing the structure of a wasp nest in three phases: Phase I (left), Phase II (pre-migration, middle), and Phase III (post-stabilization, right). Gray cells indicate the size of the nest towards the end of each growth period. Cells toward the center are colored by how much time wasps spent on each cell, ranging from yellow for 0 seconds to purple for as long as 250 seconds.
A detailed cross-section diagram of the TUCAN ultracold neutron source, abbreviated UCN, and detector configuration. On the left, a horizontal tungsten (W) target sits below a spherical production bulb labeled He-II 1.1K. The bulb is partially filled with a pink volume representing the superfluid helium level, surrounded by an empty liquid deuterium vessel, a heavy water volume, and graphite shielding. A 1.2-meter horizontal tail section containing a cryogenic UCN guide carries the pink He-II volume at 1K to a large He-II cryostat on the right. This cryostat houses a helium-3 pot and the main heat exchanger HEX1. To the far right, the UCN guide exits horizontally through a gate valve, then curves downward through a foil holder to a vertical column that terminates at a detector at the bottom right.
Diagram of a 3D tetrahedral lattice used in the XYZ color code. Four corner sites are highlighted; clockwise from top, γABC in red, γBCD in purple, γABD in blue, and γACD in green; representing unpaired Majorana modes located at the vertices of the tetrahedron. Two curved dashed lines labeled ℓAB connects two corners through the lattice. The left face of the tetrahedron is labeled A while the right face is labeled B.
On the top are three magnetic images of an in-plane magnetic field from TbMn6Sn6 thinned single crystal for various magnetic fields within the plane. Below is a diagram of the experimental set-up, showing a purple layer labeled hBN sensor draped on top of a gray rectangle labeled TbMn6Sn6. Above the diagram are three sets of arrows; the far left shows a single black arrow pointing upwards, the middle shows a gray upward arrow with a black arrow angled off to the right, and the far right shows a gray upward arrow with a black arrow angled further to the right. To the far left is a capital B with an arrow pointing to the right above it.
A line graph with axes ℏωc(Q) meV from 0–30 on the y-axis and Q in Angstroms from 0–1.5 on the x-axis. Black dots with vertical error bars are plotted on an upward curve, with a green straight line labeled “c∞Q." A red curved line traces through the black points. A blue straight line labeled "c0Q" rises below the aforementioned lines.
Scientific figure displays four diagrams that represent code surgery schemes. The diagrams visualize the schemes with a series of stacked circles and ovals of various sizes. Orange circles represent memory blocks, magenta and green circles denote subsystems that constitute the ancilla system, and dashed cyan circles indicate logical operators to be measured. Panel (a) displays the CKBB protocol, panel (b) displays the GM+BFP protocol, panel (c) displays the devised sticking protocol, and panel (d) displays the parallelized code surgery protocol used in the new quantum computation scheme.
A sketch visualizes the proposed thermalization process. At the top, wavy red lines represent delocalized states. Below, a dashed vertical grey line represents the mobility edge. At the bottom, a solid black undulating line represents the valence band, with several red-lined peaks at its troughs denoting localized states. Several blue arrows rise from the troughs of the valence band upwards toward the delocalized states, which represents phonon scattering.
In panel (a), a schematic portrays the Bi(001)/Ag/FM stack. Rectangular stacks of different colors denote each material: AIOx (grey), FeCo (red), Ag (orange), Bi (blue) and BaF2 (grey, larger stack at the bottom). At the bottom right, a small inlaid microscopic image displays a layer of 110FeCo highlighted with black arrows. Panels (b) and (c) display HAAFF-STEM images of the stacks of Bi[10]/Ag[5]/FeCo[2] and Bi[10]/FeCo[2], respectively. The images visualize each layer, including AIOx, FeCo, Ag, Bi, and BaF2, with white solid lines marking separations between layers. In each layer, colored numbers indicate the thickness of each material in nanometers.
A series of images and graphs of the characterization of exchange dynamics in DNA nanostar condensates. On the top is a nanostar schematic. The Y-shaped nanostar has 16-basepair double-stranded arms, shown in blue, sticky ends with the palindromic sequence 5’- GCTAGC-3’, shown in red, and 5’-TT-3’ domains between each of the three arms at the nanostar center, shown in gray, that confer angular flexibility between arms. Below are representative snapshots from a fluorescence recovery after photobleaching, FRAP, experiment of an R = 1 µm nanostar droplet. From left to right the images are labeled pre-bleach, t = 0 min, t = 1 min, and t = 5.5 min. Below and to the left are FRAP recovery curves with t (s) on the x axis and I (t) on the y axis. It shows data for droplets of the following sizes: R ≲ 1.5 µm, R ≲ 1.2 µm, R ≲ 1.0 µm, R ≲ 0.9 µm, R ≲ 0.8 µm. To the right is a graph showing the exchange timescale versus droplet radius for all droplets. Error bars on the data points represent 3σ.
An image showing the link-limited volume, abbreviated LLV. LLV consists of a network-related volume V𝑏 = 𝑁2/𝑅 and Bell pair factory volume V𝑓 in each node, where 𝑁 is the number of physical Bell pairs needed for the factory and 𝑅 is the throughput of the physical Bell pairs, defined by the number of Bell pairs generated in the duration a single syndrome extraction cycle.
A schematic illustration of decoding proton spin polarization in heavy-ion collisions. On the left it shows how, in non-central heavy-ion collisions, the overlap region of colliding nuclei carries a large orbital angular momentum L, leading to spin polarization of quarks through the spin-orbit interaction. Hadrons emerging from the QGP at hadronization acquire spin polarization via coalescence of polarized quarks and evolve through the hadronic phase until the kinetic freezeout. To the right, it shows how hypertritons are polarized when formed via the coalescence of polarized nucleons and lambda hyperons at the kinetic freeze-out. Both 3 ΛH and Λ undergo self-analyzing weak decays, allowing their spin polarizations to be determined from the angular distributions of their decay product. Below, it shows how the proton spin polarization can be reconstructed from the polarizations of 3 ΛH and Λ using a model-validated linear relation.
A 3D schematic visualizing the acceleration of a positron beam in a plasma wakefield. Blue dots represent the injected positrons, which are focused by an electron filament (grey lines) on an axis. On the right, a dark yellow-green torus at the end of the axis represents the hollow, positively-charged beam.
A graphic depicting resource estimation for simulating post-quench dynamics of an Ising Hamiltonian, showing both computational time and energy consumption on classical (left) and quantum (right) hardware.
A simple diagram illustrating the quench processes examined in the paper. Panel (a) at the top depicts a system-quench process, which unfolds as the system’s Hamiltonian is quenched. The states are depicted as two blue squares and one pink square with black circles and squiggly lines inside, indicating interactions. The states are linked by black solid lines at three time points: t = 0-, t = 0+, and t = tf . The quench injects work W into the system, which then absorbs heat Q during the evolution. Panel (b) at the bottom depicts an interaction-quench process, with state portrayed as two green squares and one orange square at the same time points as panel (a).
A cutaway of a 3D rendering of a gold-colored core assembly with a lens mount, electrodes, and magneto-optical trap coils inside of a cryogenic radiation shield. A vertical blue Rydberg laser beam and a horizontal red optical tweezer path cross directly at the central trapping region. An inset box shows an averaged fluorescence image of a 7 × 7 atom array with a tweezer spacing of 12 µm.
A schematic drawing of a transparent cylindrical drum partially filled with material. The drum is shown as a circle with a sloped surface inside and labels indicating the radius, slope angle θ, and drum rotation Ω.
A scientific illustration that details the relationship between perovskite photovoltaic module flatness and operational stability. On the left is a depiction of a solar panel at 65°C subjected to 1-sun illumination. On the right is a warped module labeled “curved” module. Below is a red X and text reading T80 < 1000 hours. Below it is a “flat” module next to a green checkmark and text that reads T80 > 1800 hours.
Blume-Kohout, holding a hammer, sits on a green roof, with pine trees in the background.
A disc of americium on a black background. The americium has a metallic silvery surface with some scratches and texture, like crumbled up foil.
A photo of six SQUIDs embedded onto a waveguide. The SQUIDs each look like tall rectangles that fit into a corresponding upside-down angular “U” shape. The second SQUID from the left is surrounded by green dashed lines to indicate a unit cell, and the fourth has a small red box on top indicating the location of the Josephson junction.
A scientific illustration showing how an infrared, or IR, laser and confocal microscopy are used to examine proteins inside a cell. The legend on the top left shows a dark purple, diffuse oval representing a biomolecular condensate, a red scribble representing a folded protein, and a wavy red line representing an unfolded protein. Below and to the right is a confocal microscope, showing a black platform holding a circular sample dish. A bright red IR laser shines down and focuses on a single point on the sample. Dotted lines project up and to the left to a 3D rendering of a z-scan of a HeLa cell. Several biomolecular condensates are scattered throughout the cell. A circular callout on one of the condensates in the cell is magnified to show both folded proteins and unfolded proteins interacting within and around the condensate area.
Two line graphs stacked on top of one another that share a horizontal axis, T2t. Each graph has its own unlabeled y axis. On the top is a graph showing the occurrence of the Mpemba-like effect in the relaxation dynamics of the current operator I, and its unitarily transformed counterpart Iein the DQD model. An inset shows an enlarged view of the short-time dynamics highlighting the initial difference between the dressed distance. Below is a graph of the corresponding time evolution of the expectation values of ⟨I⟩ and ⟨Ie⟩, computed for an initial state ρ0, exhibiting distinct slow and fast relaxation dynamics. The simulations are done with parameter values ϵd1 = 0.2, ϵd2 = 0.1, g = 0.05, kBT1 = 15, µ1 = 0, kBT2 = 1, µ2 = 0, γ1 = 0.1, γ2 = 0.5.
Two images of the experimental setup. On the left is an image of the local resource dynamics. It shows how the resource content of subsystem A under brickwall circuit dynamics is tracked, with resource-generating gates starting from a resource-free initial state that uncover a universal rise–peak–fall profile. On the right, an image shows resource spreading. It depicts how, starting from an initial state where the resource is confined to a small region and evolving with circuits whose gates do not generate the resource, one can scan the spatiotemporal position of A and expose ballistic spreading of the resource.
A series of six diagrams that illustrates the contraction of a five-vertex tensor network, represented as the sum of the belief propagation vacuum and the generalized loop excitations. Each tensor network is denoted by a pattern of five connected blue circles (labelled T1, T2, T3, T4, and T5) connected by solid black lines or red lines. The figure portrays the sum of five of the network diagrams on the right, and the complete contraction on the left.
The STAR particle detector of the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider at Brookhaven National Laboratory. The detector is round and densely packed with bundles of blue, red, black, gray, and yellow cables. Silver metal panels and ladder-like structures are at the center of the detector.
A four-row figure containing maps of slip rate with a color bar that goes from green to pink to blue to yellow to orange as slip rate increases. Each row contains a sequence of six snapshots of a square fault plane in green showing the progression of a given rupture. From left to right, circular shapes of different colors increase in size and change color patterns. The rows are titled “Supershear rupture,” “Sub-Rayleigh rupture,” “Self-arresting rupture,” and “Slow self-arresting rupture” from top to bottom. The top row shows the largest increase in the size of the circular shape while the bottom row shows hardly any change in size.
A graphic depicting magnetic spins with up (black) and down (white) corresponding to various cavity fields of the short-range attractive and long-range repulsive interaction model on a Bethe lattice.
On the left is a schematic device structure of a typical thin-film perovskite solar cell. From top to bottom the layers are Glass/ITO in blue, an electron transport layer, ETL, in green, perovskite in yellow, a hole transport layer, HTL, in red, and an electrode in gray. Blue, grey, and red light beams illuminate the device from the top; blue ends at ETL, white ends at perovskite, and red ends at HTL. On the right is a graph with wavelength (nm) on the x axis and FF (%) on the y axis. Blue dots show that front interface dominant recombination losses are higher at larger wavelengths, while red squares show that the bulk/back interface remain relatively flat.
A three by three grid of images showing examples of the time evolution of field configurations from simulations with different ρ0 values, with dark purple areas representing pure- and yellow areas pure+.
A CAD model of the vacuum system and atomic beam source. The left side shows the main vacuum chamber assembly mounted on a dual-pillar support frame. At the top is a copper structure labeled cold pump. Below is a label for the internal ionization region and detector, which points to copper-colored cold pumps near the top of the structure. Just below, a red arrow shows laser access. A black arrow shows the beam source near the bottom of the structure, followed by a copper tube labeled Rb reservoir. The right side features a separate, isolated view of the beam source component and the nozzle.
The top panel is a photograph of a shell from the sea snail species Cymbiola innexa, which displays an intricate fractal-like pigmentation pattern. The bottom panel displays a space-time plot of the system that depicts similar fractal-like patterns based on Sierpiński triangles, with x on the x-axis and t on the y-axis. On the right, a smaller plot displays the behavior of λ, which displays different time scales of oscillation patterns.
A series of diagrams and models illustrating nonreciprocity as a design principle in active solids. Panel (a) displays a simple diagram visualizing self-alignment and how it leads to spontaneous collective actuation, represented as a black circle with red and blue dashed arrows running through it. Panel (b) displays an experimental system of polar agents embedded inside a spring network, seen as a series of black dots interconnected within a tight lattice-like network. The polar agents deeper within the network are denoted with colorful lines ending in red arrows, indicating spontaneous collective actuation. Panel (c) displays a minimal numerical representation of spontaneous collective actuation, seen as a large, muti-colored circular model containing a wide array of red, blue, and green arrows that denote self-alignment.
On the left is a graph showing the carrier-density dependent differential decay time, τdiff, in seconds on the y-axis versus quasi-Fermi level splitting, ΔEF in electronvolts of glass/HDPA/CsFAMA, glass/HDPA//CsFAMA/C60, and glass/HDPA//CsFAMA/CCl/C60, shown as solid lines, and their corresponding simulation of a coupled rate equation, shown as dashed lines. For tr-PL, the film was excited from the glass side. On the right is the time-averaged effective interface carrier loss velocity, ⟨Seff⟩, exchange velocity, Sexc, and across-interface recombination velocity, Sint, for glass/HDPA//CsFAMA/C60 and glass/HDPA//CsFAMA/CCl/C60 extracted from the fits in the graph on the left. The y-axis shows quenching velocity in centimeters per second and the x-axis is labeled C60 and CCl/C60.
An illustration of a purple atom floating in the left half of the image, emitting a squiggly line going down and to the right. At the top right is an orange ringed planet. The bottom right shows an analog clock at approximately 11:55.
A 3D model of the design of the full vacuum system used in the study, with each component labeled by letter. The platform consists of a pancake chamber with an optical chip mounted on the inside (a), connected to a turbo pump connection (b) and a nearby valve (c). The device also includes two ion pumps (d and e) for both the upper and lower chamber, as well as an Rb ampoule inside of the bellows (f) and fiber feedthroughs (g).
A schematic of a pseudo-two-dimensional domain of active material in the porous electrode model of Doyle-Fuller-Newman. At the top left is a porous electrode with a current collector and separator displayed on top. A spherical particle of average particle size is placed at each position in the electrode depth to model sodium transport inside the active material. The pseudo-two-dimensional domain, as shown on the bottom, with the horizontal dimension being the electrode width and the vertical dimension being the particle's average radius is the continuous limit with an infinite number of identical representative particles.
Three mathematical equations for a projected quantum overlap calculation. The first equation says <Psi_0 | e^(i * phi * N_D) | Psi_1> = sqrt(det A * det R). Below and after the word “with” is the second equation, which says A = [U_0_bar]^T * (R^T)^(-1) * [U_1_bar]^* + [V_0_bar]^T * R * [V_1_bar]^*. Below and after the word “and” is the third equation which reads R_nm = <phi_n | e^(i * phi * (N_D)^op) | phi_m> = delta_nm + (e^(i * phi) - 1) * <phi_n | (Theta_D)^op | phi_m>.
An illustration of the quantum Mpemba effect. The evolution of two initial states, represented by a blue and red circle, are plotted against time. They both follow an exponential decay curve; however, although the red state starts further away from equilibrium than the blue state, it gets to the steady state in less time.
A series of three graphs illustrating the generation of maximal entanglement in two iterations for d = 3, plotting φ on the x-axis and E on the y-axis. Each graph corresponds to three different entangled electron states, and displays several horizontal dashed black lines, a fluctuating yellow function, and a fluctuating blue function.
Two graphs showing bundles and dynamics of the von Neumann entanglement entropy SA(s) with nine physical qubits. The sum constraint is ⟨σ˜ (3,4) z + ˜σ (1,4) z + ˜σ (1,6) z ⟩ = 3 and the initial state is set to |Ψ(0)⟩ = |011111010⟩. The graph on the left illustrates the entanglement bundles containing all 255 bipartitions of size |A| ∈ {1, 2, 3, 4}. Each bar corresponds to one entanglement bundle enumerated from 0 to 15, where the bundles are sorted by their maximal entanglement entropy value in ascending order. The y-axis shows the number of bipartitions of each bundle and the colors correspond to the size of A. The graph on the right shows the dynamics of the von Neumann entanglement entropy of all 255 unordered bipartitions. The final annealing time of the adiabatic annealing process is tf = 500.
Cover of PRX Quantum, Issue 02, June 2026, titled "Error-Corrected Quantum Chemistry." Against a black and deep purple background, two large overlapping atomic-like orbitals — one blue and one purple — meet in the center, with two smaller connected orbitals between them, representing a molecular bond. The stylized quantum chemistry illustration rests above layered geometric shapes in shades of blue and purple. The APS logo appears in the lower left.
Panel (a) displays a 3D schematic of the magnetic dipole trap and γ-ray detectors. A dark orange cylinder at the center represents the permanent magnet, while purple and red curved lines represent magnetically and electrostatically trapped positrons, respectively, in orbit. At the bottom left is a simple three-dimensional plot with x, y, and z planes denoted. Various smaller light blue cylinders surrounding the center represent the BGO arrangement. Panel (b) displays a small chart visualizing the solid-angle coverage in the y = 0 plane, with grey representing grounded wall electrodes and blue denoting the S1 ejection electrode. Panel (c) displays a similar chart visualizing the solid-angle coverage in the z = 0 plane. At the right, a color scale bar labels values ranging from dark violet for 0 to bright yellow for 24 for the charts in panels (b) and (c).
Two graphs showing the optimal phenotypic strategies that consist of at most two distinct phenotypes, with ω on the x axis and ω′ on the y axis. The graphs show the phase diagrams of the optimal number of phenotypes over the space of environmental switching rates, ω and ω′, for fixed trade-off curves parameterized by α. The graph on the left is labeled α = 0.2 and the graph on the right is α = 0.7. Light blue regions along the edges correspond to a single optimal “generalist” phenotype, while dark blue regions in the center correspond to two coexisting “specialists”, an arrester and a recoverer.
A diagram of three components connected by double-headed black arrows. At the top left, a schematic of a neural network is labeled machine-learning MD, or molecular dynamics. At the top right, temperature is depicted as a blue and a red thermometer icon, and strain is depicted as sets of gray arrows pointing outward and inward. Below is a ball-and-stick chemical structure labeled localized charges. The molecule contains atoms depicted as red, black, and pink spheres with translucent teal-colored clouds highlighting specific regions.
A glass tube containing glowing purple helium gas in a dark background.
The figure displays a series of colorful snapshots of selected regions of jammed configurations of bidisperse particles. There are four rows with two images each for different values of the size ratio fr : fr = 1.0, fr = .94, fr = .71, and fr = .30, from top to bottom. The left column of images portrays real particles, colored according to a color bar that ranges from dark blue to dark red. The right column of images displays quasi-particles, colored according to a color bar that ranges from turquoise to bright purple.
A diagram provides an overview of the study’s beam search decoder. Panel A on the left illustrates the initialization of the decoder. It starts with a small number of iterations of belief propagations (BP), represented by a single blue rectangle and associated error nodes. The decoder then selects the least reliable error node (red) and creates two more branches of masked BPs corresponding to the node’s two possible values. Panel B on the right visualizes the decoder as it repeats this process, producing more masked BPs and pruning to reduce the number of paths to the beam width.
A schematic of the experimental apparatus. An oven emits radium atoms (pink arrow) that are photoionized by (PI) light at 483 nanometers and 450 nanometers, shown with a horizontal, light blue arrow. Trapped ions, such as the three shown in a black-and-white inset, are detected and laser-cooled with light at 468 nanometers. A red and a dark blue arrow intersect diagonally through the center of the apparatus, labeled “repump” and “cool,” respectively. Permanent magnets define the quantization axis, B, pointing upward from the bottom, and hyperfine transitions are driven by a microwave horn, MW, pointing rightward from the left.
A chart on a light yellow background displaying force noise spectra extracted in the study. The chart plots frequency in kHz on the x-axis and force noise on the y-axis. The chart includes a straight blue line that gradually decreases, which represents the single-mode sensitivity. The chart also plots a dashed vertical red line at a frequency of roughly 40 kHz, and horizontal red and black functions that gradually decrease before increasing after approaching the dashed vertical red line. Dark blue lines that rapidly spike and decrease represent the force noise spectra. Pink shaded areas between the red and black functions indicate bands where correlations enhance the noise relative to the naive expectation. At the top is an inset photograph of two glass-like, rod-shaped objects that form part of the study’s optomechanical setup.
A schematic illustration of the dose rate effects in materials outlined in the paper, with lower dose rate depicted on the left and higher dose rate on the right. The image key at the bottom reads, from left to right: intrinsic-sink, PKA, vacancy, interstitial, loop, and cavity.
Three vertically stacked square panels show color maps overlaid with many small black arrows. The horizontal axis is labeled y (fm) and the vertical axis z (fm), each from 0–33 fm. Colors indicate neutron density, with scales at right ranging from turquoise, green, yellow, orange, and pink labeled ρₙ (fm⁻³). In the top panel, bright pink regions are in the four corners. In the middle panel, a small circular magenta spot is centered in the square. In the bottom panel, a larger circle magenta region is in the center. Black arrows throughout each panel indicate a vector field. Labels beneath the three panels read, from top to bottom. x = x₀ + L/2, x = x₀ + L/4, and x = x₀, with an arrow marked =3 × 10⁻⁴ c in all three.
A schematic of the proposed ten-step strand-passage cycle, which implements DNA corralling. The cycle moves clockwise from the top left and includes illustrations of a grey, yellow, and purple protein complex moving along red and blue DNA helices. The steps are numbered and depicted as follows: 1) binding, 2) G-strand cleaved, 3) gate opens, 4) gate twists over T-strand, 5) T-strand pushed into cavity, 6) religation, 7) gate opens, 8) T-strand escapes, and (9) gate closes. From step 9, the pathway splits: it can either progress upward through 10) “dissociation steps” to return to the initial binding stage or follow a dashed diagonal arrow to “G-strand cleaves without dissociation” that loops back to step 2.
Three branching network diagrams labeled j, k, and l. Each structure resembles a tree made of many small circular nodes connected by thin lines. Node colors range from deep purple and blue near the center to green and bright yellow toward the outer branches. Panel (j) is asymmetrical with dense upper branches. Panel (k) has a more balanced star-like structure. Panel (l) is sparser, with mostly yellow-green nodes.
A timelapse video of Cdc42-sfGFPsw, shown in green, and brightfield, shown in gray, data in Bem1-depleted cells. The scale bar shows 10 µm. Red numbers indicate time as mm:ss.
Panel (a) displays a sketch illustrating the hallmarks of direct and indirect interactions. On the left, a simplified chart plots time on the x-axis and interactions on the y-axis, with direct interactions plotted with a red line and indirect interactions with a blue line. On the right, a graphic illustrates the principles of direct and indirect interactions between species such as lions, antelopes, sheep, and goats. Panel (b) displays a chart plotting interaction measures for short experiment durations in a multi-species consumer-resource model, with time progressing to zero. Panel (c) displays a chart plotting interaction measures between consumers at various discrete experiment durations. Black dots represent gathered data, while a red line plots a data-fitting parabolic line leading to extrapolation at a time of zero, represented with a blue star.
At the top, a diagram visualizes the types of microscopic collision signals examined in the study: Type I genuine collisions and Type II optical artifacts. In both pictures, a laser beam (red line) bounces off of a cantilever (tan rectangle) as the microorganism (light green circle) swims through a blue background, and either collides with the cantilever or swims through the laser. At the bottom, a graph plots the raw signals used to validate the collision events, with time in seconds on the x-axis and signal in voltage on the y-axis. The chart contains several functions: a signal for a clean deflection (D, purple line), the stable total laser intensity (I, black line), and the minimal torsion (T, green line). A blue shaded region on the plot denotes a genuine Type I collision, and a gray shaded region denotes an optical artifact produced when the microorganism passes through the laser beam without contacting the cantilever.
Two square phase diagrams made of colored squares on a white background. The horizontal axes are labeled ΔΠa/T, and the vertical axes are labeled ΔΠb/T. The left diagram is labeled β+0, the right diagram is labeled ΔΠb=0. Both diagrams are labeled with “trunk” and “head.” A color bar labeled “S” runs horizontally below the plot, ranging from -0.08 blue values through white at 0.0 to positive red values at 0.08.
A schematic of the ToF spectrometer. It shows how magnesium atoms are produced by laser ablation using 532 nm pulses, and the double ionization is induced by 800 nm femtosecond laser fields. The x-axis is aligned with the direction of the supersonic atomic beam, the y-axis corresponds to the laser propagation direction, and the z-axis coincides with the ToF axis. The dashed box in the upper lefthand corner shows more details of the ablating region.