Differentiation Journal

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Flagship journal of the International Society of Differentiation. Published by #Elsevier for 40+ years. All things relating to differentiation, development, stem cells, and regeneration. https://www.sciencedirect.com/journal/differentiation

Fig. 3. Image Analysis reveals proliferation differences based on differentiation stimuli. (A) Confluency seen within each well is graphed over the measurement period. (B) Representative images comparing macrophages at day 0 and day 18, with the differentiation agent concentration increasing down the image pairs.
graphical abstract
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Fig. 2. Roles of SRSF3 in RNA metabolism. SRSF3 (magenta) contributes to alternative RNA splicing, binding to m6A modifications, transcription termination, polyadenylation, transcript stability, nuclear export and miRNA biogenesis. Pol II, RNA polymerase II; YTHDC1, YTH domain-containing protein 1; NEXT, nuclear exosome targeting complex; NXF1, nuclear RNA export factor 1.
Fig. 1. The core mechanisms of NNMT-mediated fibrosis: NAD depletion, methylation imbalance, inflammation, and oxidative stress NAD+, Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide; MAPK, Mitogen-activated protein kinase; SAH, S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine; SAA, Serum amyloid A; NAM, Nicotinamide; ROS, Reactive oxygen species; SAM, S-Adenosylmethionine; NNMT, Nicotinamide N-methyltransferase; MNA, 1-Methylnicotinamide; Hcy, Homocysteine; PARPs, Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerases.
Fig. 3. Differentiation strategies employed for brown adipocyte induction from human stem cells. (A) Schematic representation of genetic factors and their mode of modulation (overexpression or knockdown) across different cell sources, indicating whether each manipulation enhanced or reduced brown adipocyte differentiation. (B) Diagrammatic summary of non-genetic factors applied to various human cell sources, depicting the range of stimuli such as growth factors, small molecules, hormones, phytochemicals, and physiological or developmental cues reported to promote brown adipocyte differentiation.
Fig. 1. Basal characterization of the epigenetic mark H3K27me3, the epigenetic enzymes associated with H3K27me3 levels and key osteogenic genes.
Fig. 2. Characterization of bone fragments A. Representative H&E stained section of bone fragment showing abundant adipocytes in the bone marrow next to mineralized bone with osteocytes. Bar = 100 μm. B. Representative histological slides of BGLAP (Bone Gamma-Carboxyglutamate Protein) immunoreactivity in human bone samples. The black arrows point out the presence of lining osteoblasts expressing BGLAP. Bar = 50 μm.
Fig. 1. Creation of three new embryonic mouse PTA-based population averages and matching atlases. (A) Sagittal view of E12.5 population average created from 11 wild type embryos at a voxel size of 7 μm3, (B) E15.5 population average created from 32 wild type embryos at voxel size of 14 μm3, (C) E17.5 population average created from 22 wild type embryos at voxel size of 14 μm3 which was resized to 28 μm3. (D–F) Corresponding atlases at (D) E12.5 with 43 labels, at (E) E15.5 with 47 labels and at (F) E17.5 with 46 labels. Only a subset of labels are shown for illustrative purposes. Scale bar = 2 mm.
Fig. 3. Her9 mutants display pigmentation defects. A-B′) Lateral (A-B) and dorsal (A′-B′) views of melanophore patterning in WT/heterozygous and her9 mutant larvae at 6 dpf. Black arrowheads, dorsal stripe; green arrowheads, lateral stripe; blue arrowheads, ventral stripe; red arrowheads, yolk stripe; SB, swim bladder. C-D) H&E staining of WT/heterozygous and her9 mutant retina at 7 dpf; the retinal pigmented epithelium (RPE) is indicated with a white arrow. E-F′) Xanothophore (xan) and iridophore (ir) patterning in WT/heterozygous and her9 mutant larvae. Her9 mutants have reduced abundance of iridiphores (asterisks) and greater spread of xanthophores (yellow) than WT or heterozygous siblings. G-I′) Dorsal view of iridiphores and melanophores on the heads of WT/heterozygous and her9 mutant larvae.
"Type H vessels in osteogenesis, homeostasis, and related disorders," by Xiaoru Qin et al. Fig. 1. Vascular distributions in long bones. Type H vessels are located in the metaphysis and along the periosteal and endosteal surface, whereas type L vessels are located in the diaphysis's bone marrow cavity. Secretion of PDGFA, PDGFB, TGF-β1, TGF-β3, and FGF1 from type H ECs is significantly higher than that from type L ECs. More RUNX2+ and OSX+ osteoprogenitors and osteoblasts surround type H vessels.
Fig. 9. Immunofluorescence staining for MyoD at passage 15th, Scale bar: 100 μm. (A) Cells stained with MyoD (Red fluorescence); (B) Cells stained with DAPI; (C) Merged (MyoD & DAPI).
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Fig. 3. Histological analysis of TMJ in fetal mice from the experimental and control groups at postnatal weeks 1–3 using H&E and Masson's trichrome staining.
Fig. 1. Conservation of zinc finger domains of Osr1 and Osr2 in vertebrates. (A) Amino acid sequence alignment of Osr1 using MafftWS sequence alignment reveals high conservation of the zinc finger binding domains. B) Amino acid sequence alignment of Osr2 using MafftWS sequence alignment reveals high conservation of zinc fingers 1–3 in all species. Zinc fingers 4 and 5 are only conserved in chick, mouse, and humans. Zinc finger domains 1–3 and 4–5 are indicated by red and purple bars, respectively, shown above the amino acid sequence of interest. OSR2B, the alternatively spliced protein product has only been identified in mammals and was therefore omitted from the protein conservation analysis. Conservation is depicted below the corresponding amino acid sequence.
Fig. 1. Illustration of the triad system in tissue engineering, representing the interaction between cell types, scaffolds, and external factors.
Fig. 2. Dermal bone mineralization was not generally accelerated in fam20b−/− embryos.
Screenshot of presentation titled "Enteric neural crest development in Astyanax mexicanus surface fish and cavefish"
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Fig. 2. According to the traditional concept of mesenchyme, during embryonic development, mesenchymal-like tissues form through EMT from epithelial-shaped tissues in two major steps at the early stages of gastrulation. Specifically, the primary mesenchyme originates from the epiblast to form mesoderm and primitive endoderm; this process is regarded as the prototype of EMT. Subsequently, the mesoderm reverts to an epithelial morphology to generate transient embryonic structures, including somites, which then undergo a further round of EMT to generate secondary mesenchyme. Secondary mesenchyme is considered the embryonic connective tissue and provides the precursors of the connective tissues of the adult body.
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September/October cover of Differentiation. Fluorescence micrograph of Drosophila melanogaster testis tip. Merged testis image displays DAPI (yellow), anti-Mettl3 (cyan) and anti-Vasa (magenta) stains. Nuclear DAPI stain in combination with antibody against m6A methyltransferase Mettl3 and germline marker Vasa, indicates localization pattern of methyltransferase in cells of the apical tip during spermatogenesis.
Fig. 3. The most effective MSC exosomes-derived microRNAs applied for therapeutic approaches.
Fig. 3. Effects of OPG on localization of CD44, CD47, DC-STAMP, ATP6V0D2 and Connexin43 in fusing OCs and precursors. From "Exploring the impact of osteoprotegerin on osteoclast and precursor fusion: Mechanisms and modulation by ATP," by Yunwen Peng et al.
Fig. 6. WNT5b mediates the Pi-induced suppression of OS cells migration. (A) Transwell assay was performed to evaluate the migration ability of NOS-10 (5 days) and SJSA-1 (10 days) cells with knock-down of WNT5b by siRNAs treated with osteogenic supplement medium. The analyses were performed at 24 h after seeding the cells into the culture inserts (n = 4). Scale bar = 500 μm.
Fig. 7. Atg13 knockdown in vivo enhanced the role of sirolimus in alleviating bone loss in OVX mice. OVX-operated female mice were treated with sirolimus (10 mg/kg, orally, 5 times/week) along with Cont-shRNA-AAVs or Atg13-shRNA-AAVs (5 × 1010 PFU/mL, marrow-cavity injection) for 45 days. (A) Representative 3D micro-CT reconstructed images of the tibiae from each group. Scale bar, 1 mm. (B) Representative H&E-stained tibial sections from each group. Scale bar, 20 μm. (C) LC3-puncta formation in bone marrow RANK+ CSF1R+ cells sorted by FACS was evaluated via immunofluorescence staining. Representative images of LC3 puncta, including single and merged fluorescence, were obtained under a fluorescent microscope. Scale bar, 25 μm.
Call for Papers! Submit to the Splicing in Development and Disease special issue! Submission deadline: December 30, 2025. Guest editors: Natoya Peart and Karine Choquet This special issue will address and highlight current understanding and gaps in knowledge about the role of splicing both constitutive and alternative in the development and how disruption of these processes leads to disease.
Fig. 5. Osteogenesis imperfecta observed in X-rays of patients homozygous for WNT1 loss of function alleles. A) Limb fracture. B) Vertebral compression and deformation. C) Severe leg deformities.
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Cover of Differentiation
The ciliary protein C2cd3 is required for mandibular musculoskeletal tissue patterning. Evan C. Brooks, Ph.D. Graduate Student Alumnis, Brugmann Lab, Cinicinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center. Currently: Postdoctoral Fellow, University of Colorado School of Dental Medicine. "Biological Differentiation Across the Scales" Seminar, April 28, 2025.