Nick Fitzhenry

@nickfitzhenry.bsky.social

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Postdoc at CAMPOP & King's College, Cambridge PhD in Economic History, LSE. nicholasfitzhenry.co.uk Research: death, disease & doctors during Apartheid Methods: Applied econometrics & historical demography. Teaching: Industrial Rev., History of Middle East

Black-and-white woodcut of a 16th-century bakery interior. On the left, a woman in a long dress and headcloth carries a long plank on her shoulder. In the centre, a male baker in a long tunic and cap uses a long-handled peel to slide loaves into a domed brick oven. Loaves rest on a sloping board behind him. Swarms of insects — crickets or cockroaches — pour from cracks in the wall and ceiling above the oven. To the right, shelves hold pots and jars, and a candle burns in a wall niche. Hatched lines shade the walls and floor.
The graph shows high mortality rates among 'non-white' populations (solid line) with significant peaks in the 1930s-1940s, followed by a sharp decline after the introduction of the DP vaccine in 1950. The dotted line represents White populations, which had much lower mortality rates throughout
A diagram distinguishing between different qualities of causal arguments in essay writing, with accompanying flow charts. 1. Bad Essays 1.1) Unrealistically single causal. 1.2) Unrealistically omni-causal: the ‘laundry-list’ essay. List of factors, but with no distinction between the relative influence of each. 2. Better Essays Primarily single causal/realistically multi-causal. Multiple factors, with relative influence of each factor demonstrated. 3. Great Essays Primarily single causal/realistically multi-causal, with causal chains considered. Here, 𝑥_1 is a primary, ultimate factor, causing outcome 𝑦 through 𝑥_2 and 𝑥_3 . The factor 𝑥_2 is fully endogenous to 𝑥_1. 𝑊hile 𝑥_3 is partially endogenous to 𝑥_1, it’s influence on 𝑦 also has an exogenous component, caused in turn by 𝑧_1, a factor independent of 𝑥_1. Finally, 𝑥_4 has a fully exogenous influence on 𝑦, which completely independent of 𝑥_1. Relative influences of each factor are demonstrated.