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A graphic depicting two scientists in a room stacked floor to ceiling with books and manuscripts. One scientist holds a pipette and test tube, while the other sits at a computer. AI-assisted reanalysis of biological data: As biological datasets continue to grow in scale and complexity, artificial intelligence offers unprecedented opportunities to extract new knowledge from existing data. The illustration highlights the promise of data reanalysis as a driver of biological discovery while emphasizing the importance of rigorous validation, responsible AI use, and continued human oversight. Credit: Sivan and Talia Abel.
Magnitude of expression differentiation across testis and ovary cell types at two evolutionary timescales. Venn diagrams showing the number of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) unique to and shared between D. melanogaster and D. simulans in the testis: (A) at the inter- and intraspecific levels; and (B) across the three pairwise comparisons involving the D. melanogaster strains A4 and ISO1, and the D. simulans strain w501. (C) Patterns of differential expression across pairwise comparisons and testis cell types. Strict Inter (pattern 110): DEGs in both interspecific contrasts in the same cell type without being differentially expressed at the intraspecific level. Strict Intra (pattern 001): DEGs at the intraspecific level without being differentially expressed at the interspecific level. (D) Percentage of DEGs per testis cell type between the D. melanogaster strains A4 and ISO1, shown relative to the D. simulans strain w501. DEGs are categorized based on whether they show consistent differential expression in both interspecific comparisons (A4 vs. w501 and ISO1 vs. w501) or are unique to only one of the comparisons. (E–H) Equivalent plots for the ovary. Genes were required to be expressed in at least 1% of cells with a minimum average expression of 0.01. Asterisks, cell types showing the lowest and highest deviation relative to the random expectation for DEGs consistent across both interspecific contrasts. Testis cell types: EC, epithelial cells; HC, hub cells; CC, cyst cells; ES, germline stem cells and early spermatogonia; LS, late spermatogonia; ESp, early spermatocytes; MSp, mid spermatocytes; LSp, late spermatocytes; MPSp, maturing primary spermatocytes; and S, spermatids. Ovary cell types: GSC/G1-2a, germline stem cells and germarium region 1 and 2a cells; G2a-2b, germarium region 2a and 2b cells; G2b-3, germarium region 2b and 3 cells; SPC, stalk and polar cells; FSC/preFCs, follicle stem cells and pre-follicle cells; EFC, early follicle cells; MFC, mito
Magnitude of expression differentiation across testis and ovary cell types at two evolutionary timescales. Venn diagrams showing the number of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) unique to and shared between D. melanogaster and D. simulans in the testis: (A) at the inter- and intraspecific levels; and (B) across the three pairwise comparisons involving the D. melanogaster strains A4 and ISO1, and the D. simulans strain w501. (C) Patterns of differential expression across pairwise comparisons and testis cell types. Strict Inter (pattern 110): DEGs in both interspecific contrasts in the same cell type without being differentially expressed at the intraspecific level. Strict Intra (pattern 001): DEGs at the intraspecific level without being differentially expressed at the interspecific level. (D) Percentage of DEGs per testis cell type between the D. melanogaster strains A4 and ISO1, shown relative to the D. simulans strain w501. DEGs are categorized based on whether they show consistent differential expression in both interspecific comparisons (A4 vs. w501 and ISO1 vs. w501) or are unique to only one of the comparisons. (E–H) Equivalent plots for the ovary. Genes were required to be expressed in at least 1% of cells with a minimum average expression of 0.01. Asterisks, cell types showing the lowest and highest deviation relative to the random expectation for DEGs consistent across both interspecific contrasts. Testis cell types: EC, epithelial cells; HC, hub cells; CC, cyst cells; ES, germline stem cells and early spermatogonia; LS, late spermatogonia; ESp, early spermatocytes; MSp, mid spermatocytes; LSp, late spermatocytes; MPSp, maturing primary spermatocytes; and S, spermatids. Ovary cell types: GSC/G1-2a, germline stem cells and germarium region 1 and 2a cells; G2a-2b, germarium region 2a and 2b cells; G2b-3, germarium region 2b and 3 cells; SPC, stalk and polar cells; FSC/preFCs, follicle stem cells and pre-follicle cells; EFC, early follicle cells; MFC, mito
Magnitude of expression differentiation across testis and ovary cell types at two evolutionary timescales. Venn diagrams showing the number of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) unique to and shared between D. melanogaster and D. simulans in the testis: (A) at the inter- and intraspecific levels; and (B) across the three pairwise comparisons involving the D. melanogaster strains A4 and ISO1, and the D. simulans strain w501. (C) Patterns of differential expression across pairwise comparisons and testis cell types. Strict Inter (pattern 110): DEGs in both interspecific contrasts in the same cell type without being differentially expressed at the intraspecific level. Strict Intra (pattern 001): DEGs at the intraspecific level without being differentially expressed at the interspecific level. (D) Percentage of DEGs per testis cell type between the D. melanogaster strains A4 and ISO1, shown relative to the D. simulans strain w501. DEGs are categorized based on whether they show consistent differential expression in both interspecific comparisons (A4 vs. w501 and ISO1 vs. w501) or are unique to only one of the comparisons. (E–H) Equivalent plots for the ovary. Genes were required to be expressed in at least 1% of cells with a minimum average expression of 0.01. Asterisks, cell types showing the lowest and highest deviation relative to the random expectation for DEGs consistent across both interspecific contrasts. Testis cell types: EC, epithelial cells; HC, hub cells; CC, cyst cells; ES, germline stem cells and early spermatogonia; LS, late spermatogonia; ESp, early spermatocytes; MSp, mid spermatocytes; LSp, late spermatocytes; MPSp, maturing primary spermatocytes; and S, spermatids. Ovary cell types: GSC/G1-2a, germline stem cells and germarium region 1 and 2a cells; G2a-2b, germarium region 2a and 2b cells; G2b-3, germarium region 2b and 3 cells; SPC, stalk and polar cells; FSC/preFCs, follicle stem cells and pre-follicle cells; EFC, early follicle cells; MFC, mito
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Two-photon recordings from awake, head-fixed mice. (Top) Schematic of acoustic stimulation in the absence (No-BN) and presence (BN) of continuous background noise. (Lower left) Examples of the appearance during imaging from each recorded subpopulation. L2/3 were the most superficial, while L5 ET were the deepest. (Lower right) Example sound-evoked calcium responses and corresponding z-scored deconvolved spikes at the best frequency for one representative neuron from each field of view shown to the left. The effect of background noise was much larger for the superficial L2/3 neurons than for the other populations.
Two-photon recordings from awake, head-fixed mice. (Top) Schematic of acoustic stimulation in the absence (No-BN) and presence (BN) of continuous background noise. (Lower left) Examples of the appearance during imaging from each recorded subpopulation. L2/3 were the most superficial, while L5 ET were the deepest. (Lower right) Example sound-evoked calcium responses and corresponding z-scored deconvolved spikes at the best frequency for one representative neuron from each field of view shown to the left. The effect of background noise was much larger for the superficial L2/3 neurons than for the other populations.
Change of retrosplenial parvalbumin (PV) expression in late adolescence. Density and colocalization of WFA and PV-positive interneurons from adolescence to mid-adulthood (left to right) revealing a significant late adolescent decrease.
Top: Confocal microscope image of neurons and axons in the larval zebrafish brain and spinal cord labelled by a fluorescent reporter expressed in neurons with high levels of neurofilaments. Lateral view, head to the right. Image by Dr. Maria Eichel-Vogel. Middle: Schematic illustrating the workflow of the screening pipeline. Bottom: Mauthner neurons and respective domains were imaged in the hindbrain from a dorsal view using the membrane-labeling transgenic line Tg(hspGFF62A:Gal4);Tg(UAS:mem-Scarlet).
Two-photon recordings from awake, head-fixed mice. (Top) Schematic of acoustic stimulation in the absence (No-BN) and presence (BN) of continuous background noise. (Lower left) Examples of the appearance during imaging from each recorded subpopulation. L2/3 were the most superficial, while L5 ET were the deepest. (Lower right) Example sound-evoked calcium responses and corresponding z-scored deconvolved spikes at the best frequency for one representative neuron from each field of view shown to the left. The effect of background noise was much larger for the superficial L2/3 neurons than for the other populations.
Model illustrating the role of queuosine (Q) tRNA modification in the virulence of L. mexicana. Q-tRNA levels increase significantly during the differentiation from the procyclic promastigotes (insect stage) to the axenic amastigotes (mammalian stage), underscoring the importance of Q-tRNA modification for parasite adaptation and infectivity. Loss of Q modification via LmxTGT2 knockout disrupts codon-biased translational control, leading to substantial changes in the proteome. Specifically, downregulated proteins were enriched in NAU codons decoded by Q-tRNA, while upregulated proteins predominantly contained NAC codons. The resulting codon-specific imbalance impairs the parasite’s ability to establish infection and maintain virulence. These findings demonstrate that Q modification functions as a novel post-transcriptional regulatory mechanism that fine-tunes translation during Leishmania life cycle, compensating for the lack of classical transcriptional control and promoting adaptation to the host environment.
Change of retrosplenial parvalbumin (PV) expression in late adolescence. Density and colocalization of WFA and PV-positive interneurons from adolescence to mid-adulthood (left to right) revealing a significant late adolescent decrease.
Top: Confocal microscope image of neurons and axons in the larval zebrafish brain and spinal cord labelled by a fluorescent reporter expressed in neurons with high levels of neurofilaments. Lateral view, head to the right. Image by Dr. Maria Eichel-Vogel. Middle: Schematic illustrating the workflow of the screening pipeline. Bottom: Mauthner neurons and respective domains were imaged in the hindbrain from a dorsal view using the membrane-labeling transgenic line Tg(hspGFF62A:Gal4);Tg(UAS:mem-Scarlet).
Model illustrating the role of queuosine (Q) tRNA modification in the virulence of L. mexicana. Q-tRNA levels increase significantly during the differentiation from the procyclic promastigotes (insect stage) to the axenic amastigotes (mammalian stage), underscoring the importance of Q-tRNA modification for parasite adaptation and infectivity. Loss of Q modification via LmxTGT2 knockout disrupts codon-biased translational control, leading to substantial changes in the proteome. Specifically, downregulated proteins were enriched in NAU codons decoded by Q-tRNA, while upregulated proteins predominantly contained NAC codons. The resulting codon-specific imbalance impairs the parasite’s ability to establish infection and maintain virulence. These findings demonstrate that Q modification functions as a novel post-transcriptional regulatory mechanism that fine-tunes translation during Leishmania life cycle, compensating for the lack of classical transcriptional control and promoting adaptation to the host environment.
Top left: Overview of Sxl-F function in sex determination in Drosophila melanogaster. Bottom left: Schematic outlining the use of Targeted DamID (TaDa) to test whether splicing factors make transient contacts with chromatin. Top right: Immunolabeled sections of the larval male brain showing Sxl expression (mCD8–GFP, green), the glial marker repo (magenta), and neurons labeled with Elav (blue). Bottom right: Equivalent labeling in adult brain sections. White arrows indicate Sxl-positive cells that colocalise with Elav but not with repo, consistent with neuron-specific expression. Images were captured at 40x magnification; scale bar, 30 µm.
Model illustrating the role of queuosine (Q) tRNA modification in the virulence of L. mexicana. Q-tRNA levels increase significantly during the differentiation from the procyclic promastigotes (insect stage) to the axenic amastigotes (mammalian stage), underscoring the importance of Q-tRNA modification for parasite adaptation and infectivity. Loss of Q modification via LmxTGT2 knockout disrupts codon-biased translational control, leading to substantial changes in the proteome. Specifically, downregulated proteins were enriched in NAU codons decoded by Q-tRNA, while upregulated proteins predominantly contained NAC codons. The resulting codon-specific imbalance impairs the parasite’s ability to establish infection and maintain virulence. These findings demonstrate that Q modification functions as a novel post-transcriptional regulatory mechanism that fine-tunes translation during Leishmania life cycle, compensating for the lack of classical transcriptional control and promoting adaptation to the host environment.
Top left: Overview of Sxl-F function in sex determination in Drosophila melanogaster. Bottom left: Schematic outlining the use of Targeted DamID (TaDa) to test whether splicing factors make transient contacts with chromatin. Top right: Immunolabeled sections of the larval male brain showing Sxl expression (mCD8–GFP, green), the glial marker repo (magenta), and neurons labeled with Elav (blue). Bottom right: Equivalent labeling in adult brain sections. White arrows indicate Sxl-positive cells that colocalise with Elav but not with repo, consistent with neuron-specific expression. Images were captured at 40x magnification; scale bar, 30 µm.
Change of retrosplenial parvalbumin (PV) expression in late adolescence. Density and colocalization of WFA and PV-positive interneurons from adolescence to mid-adulthood (left to right) revealing a significant late adolescent decrease.
Schematic diagram illustrating the proposed mechanism by which ZC3H10 negatively regulates the interferon responses. In wild-type (WT) cells, ZC3H10 binds to the promoter region of ISRE-containing ISGs and inhibits their transcription. However, in ZC3H10 KO cells, the absence of ZC3H10-mediated inhibition leads to partial expression of ISGs even under basal conditions.
Top: Schematic of the empirical application of growth-density inversion, where the classic density dependence perspective (blue) is inverted (green) to overcome the challenges of manipulating densities. The authors first parametrised a consumer-resource model using batch culture growth assays (Approach 1) and performed growth-density inversion analytically (Box 1). Then, in a model-free empirical implementation of growth-density inversion, they experimentally manipulated harvest rate and quantified densities at equilibrium by varying the dilution rate in a chemostat system (Approach 2). Bottom left: Parametrised Monod growth function with 100 posterior draws representing uncertainty. The inset shows the analytical prediction for the density dependence of this parametrised consumer–resource model. Bottom right: Inverse-logistic model fitted to the experimental data with 95% credible intervals. Inset shows the same data and model with axes inverted to give the classic density dependence perspective.
Top: Confocal microscope image of neurons and axons in the larval zebrafish brain and spinal cord labelled by a fluorescent reporter expressed in neurons with high levels of neurofilaments. Lateral view, head to the right. Image by Dr. Maria Eichel-Vogel. Middle: Schematic illustrating the workflow of the screening pipeline. Bottom: Mauthner neurons and respective domains were imaged in the hindbrain from a dorsal view using the membrane-labeling transgenic line Tg(hspGFF62A:Gal4);Tg(UAS:mem-Scarlet).
Top left: Overview of Sxl-F function in sex determination in Drosophila melanogaster. Bottom left: Schematic outlining the use of Targeted DamID (TaDa) to test whether splicing factors make transient contacts with chromatin. Top right: Immunolabeled sections of the larval male brain showing Sxl expression (mCD8–GFP, green), the glial marker repo (magenta), and neurons labeled with Elav (blue). Bottom right: Equivalent labeling in adult brain sections. White arrows indicate Sxl-positive cells that colocalise with Elav but not with repo, consistent with neuron-specific expression. Images were captured at 40x magnification; scale bar, 30 µm.
Schematic diagram illustrating the proposed mechanism by which ZC3H10 negatively regulates the interferon responses. In wild-type (WT) cells, ZC3H10 binds to the promoter region of ISRE-containing ISGs and inhibits their transcription. However, in ZC3H10 KO cells, the absence of ZC3H10-mediated inhibition leads to partial expression of ISGs even under basal conditions.
Top: Schematic of the empirical application of growth-density inversion, where the classic density dependence perspective (blue) is inverted (green) to overcome the challenges of manipulating densities. The authors first parametrised a consumer-resource model using batch culture growth assays (Approach 1) and performed growth-density inversion analytically (Box 1). Then, in a model-free empirical implementation of growth-density inversion, they experimentally manipulated harvest rate and quantified densities at equilibrium by varying the dilution rate in a chemostat system (Approach 2). Bottom left: Parametrised Monod growth function with 100 posterior draws representing uncertainty. The inset shows the analytical prediction for the density dependence of this parametrised consumer–resource model. Bottom right: Inverse-logistic model fitted to the experimental data with 95% credible intervals. Inset shows the same data and model with axes inverted to give the classic density dependence perspective.
Experiment overview and validation. Top: Participants were presented with speech from two loudspeakers placed in front of them with 60° of separation (30° left and 30° right), and with concurrent 16-talker background noise (B1–B4). In each trial, the screen presented an arrow pointing to the target speech stream. Participants were instructed to switch attention as soon as the visual cue changes direction. Bottom: Schematic diagram of one experimental trial. The black area represents blocks of attention either to the left (L) or right (R) front streams. The red arrows indicate the instants where the attention cue switches side (six times per trial). Note that block duration was randomized and always between 15 and 30 s, with trials lasting 3 min.
Schematic diagram illustrating the proposed mechanism by which ZC3H10 negatively regulates the interferon responses. In wild-type (WT) cells, ZC3H10 binds to the promoter region of ISRE-containing ISGs and inhibits their transcription. However, in ZC3H10 KO cells, the absence of ZC3H10-mediated inhibition leads to partial expression of ISGs even under basal conditions.
Experiment overview and validation. Top: Participants were presented with speech from two loudspeakers placed in front of them with 60° of separation (30° left and 30° right), and with concurrent 16-talker background noise (B1–B4). In each trial, the screen presented an arrow pointing to the target speech stream. Participants were instructed to switch attention as soon as the visual cue changes direction. Bottom: Schematic diagram of one experimental trial. The black area represents blocks of attention either to the left (L) or right (R) front streams. The red arrows indicate the instants where the attention cue switches side (six times per trial). Note that block duration was randomized and always between 15 and 30 s, with trials lasting 3 min.
Top: Schematic of the empirical application of growth-density inversion, where the classic density dependence perspective (blue) is inverted (green) to overcome the challenges of manipulating densities. The authors first parametrised a consumer-resource model using batch culture growth assays (Approach 1) and performed growth-density inversion analytically (Box 1). Then, in a model-free empirical implementation of growth-density inversion, they experimentally manipulated harvest rate and quantified densities at equilibrium by varying the dilution rate in a chemostat system (Approach 2). Bottom left: Parametrised Monod growth function with 100 posterior draws representing uncertainty. The inset shows the analytical prediction for the density dependence of this parametrised consumer–resource model. Bottom right: Inverse-logistic model fitted to the experimental data with 95% credible intervals. Inset shows the same data and model with axes inverted to give the classic density dependence perspective.
Structure and chemistry of G-quadruplexes (G4s). Structure of a duplex-G4-duplex DNA molecule (image from the RCSB PDB (http://www.rcsb.org/) of PDB ID 8DUT [4]). Duplex DNA is depicted in purple and dark green; G4 DNA is depicted in yellow, and both side and top views of the G4 structure are shown. The displaced strand opposite the G4 has been omitted for clarity. A. Chemistry of Watson-Crick hydrogen bonds between complementary cytosine and guanine on duplex B-DNA. B. Chemistry of planar Hoogsteen hydrogen bonds between four guanines within a G-tetrad. Guanines in a tetrad are usually coordinated by a monovalent cation such as potassium (K+). Created in BioRender; credit to Gallina, I. (2026)
A model of claustral precision-weighting function. A. Inter-areal connectivity in terms of hierarchical predictive coding (hPC) theory. B. Empirically observed claustral–cortical connectivity in terms of hPC theory. C. Organization of thalamo–cortical loops (left) and thalamo–claustral–cortical loops (right) suggests complementary broadcast functions. Panels B and C adapted from [84], laminar connectivity of panels A and B derived from data in references [84,133]. BU, bottom up; L1-6, layers 1-6; PSZ1-4, claustral subdivisions 1-4; TD, top down.
Experiment overview and validation. Top: Participants were presented with speech from two loudspeakers placed in front of them with 60° of separation (30° left and 30° right), and with concurrent 16-talker background noise (B1–B4). In each trial, the screen presented an arrow pointing to the target speech stream. Participants were instructed to switch attention as soon as the visual cue changes direction. Bottom: Schematic diagram of one experimental trial. The black area represents blocks of attention either to the left (L) or right (R) front streams. The red arrows indicate the instants where the attention cue switches side (six times per trial). Note that block duration was randomized and always between 15 and 30 s, with trials lasting 3 min.
Peroxisomal abundance and import are enriched in neurons and cortex glia. Top left: Schema of peroxisomal import machinery mediated by Pex5, the cytosolic import receptor that recognizes a PTS1-SKL harboring matrix protein and permits its active translocation from the cytosol to the peroxisomal lumen. Top right: Schematic of different glial cell types in the Drosophila central nervous system. Bottom: Adult female Drosophila brains (7 days old) tracking peroxisome import in neurons with UAS-eYFP.PTS1 using the pan-neural driver nSyb-GAL4 or the pan-glial driver repo- GAL4. eYFP-tagged PTS1-protein import (green) is counterstained with PMP70 (magenta), an abundant peroxisomal membrane protein, and the pre-synaptic active zone protein bruchpilot (cyan; nc82). Yellow rectangle denotes area used for zooms into cortex below the antennal lobes and above the suboesophageal ganglion. Scale bars = 50 μm and 5 μm (zoom).
Structure and chemistry of G-quadruplexes (G4s). Structure of a duplex-G4-duplex DNA molecule (image from the RCSB PDB (http://www.rcsb.org/) of PDB ID 8DUT [4]). Duplex DNA is depicted in purple and dark green; G4 DNA is depicted in yellow, and both side and top views of the G4 structure are shown. The displaced strand opposite the G4 has been omitted for clarity. A. Chemistry of Watson-Crick hydrogen bonds between complementary cytosine and guanine on duplex B-DNA. B. Chemistry of planar Hoogsteen hydrogen bonds between four guanines within a G-tetrad. Guanines in a tetrad are usually coordinated by a monovalent cation such as potassium (K+). Created in BioRender; credit to Gallina, I. (2026)
A model of claustral precision-weighting function. A. Inter-areal connectivity in terms of hierarchical predictive coding (hPC) theory. B. Empirically observed claustral–cortical connectivity in terms of hPC theory. C. Organization of thalamo–cortical loops (left) and thalamo–claustral–cortical loops (right) suggests complementary broadcast functions. Panels B and C adapted from [84], laminar connectivity of panels A and B derived from data in references [84,133]. BU, bottom up; L1-6, layers 1-6; PSZ1-4, claustral subdivisions 1-4; TD, top down.
Peroxisomal abundance and import are enriched in neurons and cortex glia. Top left: Schema of peroxisomal import machinery mediated by Pex5, the cytosolic import receptor that recognizes a PTS1-SKL harboring matrix protein and permits its active translocation from the cytosol to the peroxisomal lumen. Top right: Schematic of different glial cell types in the Drosophila central nervous system. Bottom: Adult female Drosophila brains (7 days old) tracking peroxisome import in neurons with UAS-eYFP.PTS1 using the pan-neural driver nSyb-GAL4 or the pan-glial driver repo- GAL4. eYFP-tagged PTS1-protein import (green) is counterstained with PMP70 (magenta), an abundant peroxisomal membrane protein, and the pre-synaptic active zone protein bruchpilot (cyan; nc82). Yellow rectangle denotes area used for zooms into cortex below the antennal lobes and above the suboesophageal ganglion. Scale bars = 50 μm and 5 μm (zoom).
Structure and chemistry of G-quadruplexes (G4s). Structure of a duplex-G4-duplex DNA molecule (image from the RCSB PDB (http://www.rcsb.org/) of PDB ID 8DUT [4]). Duplex DNA is depicted in purple and dark green; G4 DNA is depicted in yellow, and both side and top views of the G4 structure are shown. The displaced strand opposite the G4 has been omitted for clarity. A. Chemistry of Watson-Crick hydrogen bonds between complementary cytosine and guanine on duplex B-DNA. B. Chemistry of planar Hoogsteen hydrogen bonds between four guanines within a G-tetrad. Guanines in a tetrad are usually coordinated by a monovalent cation such as potassium (K+). Created in BioRender; credit to Gallina, I. (2026)
Neonatal-born granule cells encode positive odor-associated childhood memories. During the perinatal period, neurons are generated in the subventricular zone and migrate to the olfactory bulb, where they integrate into local circuits and become functionally mature. A subset differentiates into granule cells, the neuronal population investigated by Dejou and colleagues. During childhood, repeated exposure to an odor in a positive context, such a playpen, activates these perinatally generated granule cells. In adulthood, re-exposure to the same odor elicits a behavioral preference, suggesting the persistence of an olfactory memory formed during childhood. Silencing the neuronal population activated by the odor during childhood play abolishes this behavioral preference.
A model of claustral precision-weighting function. A. Inter-areal connectivity in terms of hierarchical predictive coding (hPC) theory. B. Empirically observed claustral–cortical connectivity in terms of hPC theory. C. Organization of thalamo–cortical loops (left) and thalamo–claustral–cortical loops (right) suggests complementary broadcast functions. Panels B and C adapted from [84], laminar connectivity of panels A and B derived from data in references [84,133]. BU, bottom up; L1-6, layers 1-6; PSZ1-4, claustral subdivisions 1-4; TD, top down.
Neonatal-born granule cells encode positive odor-associated childhood memories. During the perinatal period, neurons are generated in the subventricular zone and migrate to the olfactory bulb, where they integrate into local circuits and become functionally mature. A subset differentiates into granule cells, the neuronal population investigated by Dejou and colleagues. During childhood, repeated exposure to an odor in a positive context, such a playpen, activates these perinatally generated granule cells. In adulthood, re-exposure to the same odor elicits a behavioral preference, suggesting the persistence of an olfactory memory formed during childhood. Silencing the neuronal population activated by the odor during childhood play abolishes this behavioral preference.
Peroxisomal abundance and import are enriched in neurons and cortex glia. Top left: Schema of peroxisomal import machinery mediated by Pex5, the cytosolic import receptor that recognizes a PTS1-SKL harboring matrix protein and permits its active translocation from the cytosol to the peroxisomal lumen. Top right: Schematic of different glial cell types in the Drosophila central nervous system. Bottom: Adult female Drosophila brains (7 days old) tracking peroxisome import in neurons with UAS-eYFP.PTS1 using the pan-neural driver nSyb-GAL4 or the pan-glial driver repo- GAL4. eYFP-tagged PTS1-protein import (green) is counterstained with PMP70 (magenta), an abundant peroxisomal membrane protein, and the pre-synaptic active zone protein bruchpilot (cyan; nc82). Yellow rectangle denotes area used for zooms into cortex below the antennal lobes and above the suboesophageal ganglion. Scale bars = 50 μm and 5 μm (zoom).
Neonatal-born granule cells encode positive odor-associated childhood memories. During the perinatal period, neurons are generated in the subventricular zone and migrate to the olfactory bulb, where they integrate into local circuits and become functionally mature. A subset differentiates into granule cells, the neuronal population investigated by Dejou and colleagues. During childhood, repeated exposure to an odor in a positive context, such a playpen, activates these perinatally generated granule cells. In adulthood, re-exposure to the same odor elicits a behavioral preference, suggesting the persistence of an olfactory memory formed during childhood. Silencing the neuronal population activated by the odor during childhood play abolishes this behavioral preference.
Top: Mouse olfactory bulb section immunolabeled for DAPI (nuclear staining, blue) and cFos (marker of cellular activation, red). Image acquired by epifluorescence microscopy. Bottom: Graphical abstract. Childhood exposure to an attractive odorant in a playful environment establishes long-lasting olfactory memories in mice. Memory recall in young adults engages neonatal-born olfactory bulb granule cells as well as memory-related reward circuits, while memory persistence in adults shifts toward olfactory-limbic connectivity. Image credit: Jules Dejou.
The image illustrates the shape of the wing outlining the oriented growth of cells within the developing wing, which depends on cytoskeletal forces and Dachsous-Fat signaling. Image Credit: Bipin Kumar Tripathi
Top: Mouse olfactory bulb section immunolabeled for DAPI (nuclear staining, blue) and cFos (marker of cellular activation, red). Image acquired by epifluorescence microscopy. Bottom: Graphical abstract. Childhood exposure to an attractive odorant in a playful environment establishes long-lasting olfactory memories in mice. Memory recall in young adults engages neonatal-born olfactory bulb granule cells as well as memory-related reward circuits, while memory persistence in adults shifts toward olfactory-limbic connectivity. Image credit: Jules Dejou.
The image illustrates the shape of the wing outlining the oriented growth of cells within the developing wing, which depends on cytoskeletal forces and Dachsous-Fat signaling. Image Credit: Bipin Kumar Tripathi
Left: Overview of flight characters and genomic evolutionary rates for 228 species sampled from 19 orders and 182 families of birds (note that only species with available data are shown). Colored bars at tip show (from inner to outer circles) flight style, Aerial Lifestyle Index (ALI), migration status, Hand-Wing Index (HWI), DNA deletion rate (per site per million years, or Mya), substitution rate (percent per Mya), and microsatellite divergence rate (Msat. Div. Rate.; repeat units per Mya). ALI describes the extent to which species rely on flight during foraging and daily activities from flightless species (0) to largely aerial species (3). Migration Status varies from sedentary species (1) to long-distance migrants (3). Species with missing data are excluded. Named orders contain >7 species. Right: The image captures the striking majesty of a soaring bird, the Crested Serpent Eagle (Spilornis cheela) in flight. Soaring flight represents one of nature's most stunningly efficient aerodynamic achievements; by elegantly relying on thermal updrafts, these birds can traverse vast distances with almost no wing-flapping. Correspondingly, this minimal-effort flight style aligns with exceptionally low metabolic expenditure and, as revealed by this study, some of the slowest genomic evolutionary rates in birds. Image Credit: Gang Song.
Top: Mouse olfactory bulb section immunolabeled for DAPI (nuclear staining, blue) and cFos (marker of cellular activation, red). Image acquired by epifluorescence microscopy. Bottom: Graphical abstract. Childhood exposure to an attractive odorant in a playful environment establishes long-lasting olfactory memories in mice. Memory recall in young adults engages neonatal-born olfactory bulb granule cells as well as memory-related reward circuits, while memory persistence in adults shifts toward olfactory-limbic connectivity. Image credit: Jules Dejou.
The image illustrates the shape of the wing outlining the oriented growth of cells within the developing wing, which depends on cytoskeletal forces and Dachsous-Fat signaling. Image Credit: Bipin Kumar Tripathi
Left: Overview of flight characters and genomic evolutionary rates for 228 species sampled from 19 orders and 182 families of birds (note that only species with available data are shown). Colored bars at tip show (from inner to outer circles) flight style, Aerial Lifestyle Index (ALI), migration status, Hand-Wing Index (HWI), DNA deletion rate (per site per million years, or Mya), substitution rate (percent per Mya), and microsatellite divergence rate (Msat. Div. Rate.; repeat units per Mya). ALI describes the extent to which species rely on flight during foraging and daily activities from flightless species (0) to largely aerial species (3). Migration Status varies from sedentary species (1) to long-distance migrants (3). Species with missing data are excluded. Named orders contain >7 species. Right: The image captures the striking majesty of a soaring bird, the Crested Serpent Eagle (Spilornis cheela) in flight. Soaring flight represents one of nature's most stunningly efficient aerodynamic achievements; by elegantly relying on thermal updrafts, these birds can traverse vast distances with almost no wing-flapping. Correspondingly, this minimal-effort flight style aligns with exceptionally low metabolic expenditure and, as revealed by this study, some of the slowest genomic evolutionary rates in birds. Image Credit: Gang Song.
How real macaques perceive virtual monkeys. Computer-generated animal avatars must look and move realistically enough to evoke natural social perception. Here, two macaque avatars are shown in an interaction, with one animal displaying dominant behavior and the other submissive behavior. The avatars were generated using the computer graphics pipeline developed and described in this paper, with the pose of the right avatar derived from multi-view markerless tracking of natural macaque behavior using minimal labeling data. By systematically varying avatar realism from uncanny (left) to highly naturalistic appearance (right), the authors investigated how real macaques perceive virtual monkeys with different levels of realism. Image credit: Lucas Martini et al.
Left: Overview of flight characters and genomic evolutionary rates for 228 species sampled from 19 orders and 182 families of birds (note that only species with available data are shown). Colored bars at tip show (from inner to outer circles) flight style, Aerial Lifestyle Index (ALI), migration status, Hand-Wing Index (HWI), DNA deletion rate (per site per million years, or Mya), substitution rate (percent per Mya), and microsatellite divergence rate (Msat. Div. Rate.; repeat units per Mya). ALI describes the extent to which species rely on flight during foraging and daily activities from flightless species (0) to largely aerial species (3). Migration Status varies from sedentary species (1) to long-distance migrants (3). Species with missing data are excluded. Named orders contain >7 species. Right: The image captures the striking majesty of a soaring bird, the Crested Serpent Eagle (Spilornis cheela) in flight. Soaring flight represents one of nature's most stunningly efficient aerodynamic achievements; by elegantly relying on thermal updrafts, these birds can traverse vast distances with almost no wing-flapping. Correspondingly, this minimal-effort flight style aligns with exceptionally low metabolic expenditure and, as revealed by this study, some of the slowest genomic evolutionary rates in birds. Image Credit: Gang Song.
How real macaques perceive virtual monkeys. Computer-generated animal avatars must look and move realistically enough to evoke natural social perception. Here, two macaque avatars are shown in an interaction, with one animal displaying dominant behavior and the other submissive behavior. The avatars were generated using the computer graphics pipeline developed and described in this paper, with the pose of the right avatar derived from multi-view markerless tracking of natural macaque behavior using minimal labeling data. By systematically varying avatar realism from uncanny (left) to highly naturalistic appearance (right), the authors investigated how real macaques perceive virtual monkeys with different levels of realism. Image credit: Lucas Martini et al.
How real macaques perceive virtual monkeys. Computer-generated animal avatars must look and move realistically enough to evoke natural social perception. Here, two macaque avatars are shown in an interaction, with one animal displaying dominant behavior and the other submissive behavior. The avatars were generated using the computer graphics pipeline developed and described in this paper, with the pose of the right avatar derived from multi-view markerless tracking of natural macaque behavior using minimal labeling data. By systematically varying avatar realism from uncanny (left) to highly naturalistic appearance (right), the authors investigated how real macaques perceive virtual monkeys with different levels of realism. Image credit: Lucas Martini et al.
An original hand-drawn conceptual illustration depicting the emergence of the mouse cerebellum from diverse transcript isoforms and transcriptional programs. The image symbolizes how transcript diversity during neural development can give rise to cerebellar structure and cellular organization. Image credit: Ikuko Hasegawa.
A detailed view of wing morphology and membrane structure of a fly. All images were produced as part of this study at Wageningen University. The images were created by Carlos Faulquier, who is credited as the creator and has granted permission for their publication. The images are owned by Wageningen University and can be published under a Creative Commons Attribution (CC‑BY) license. No generative AI tools were used in their creation.
An original hand-drawn conceptual illustration depicting the emergence of the mouse cerebellum from diverse transcript isoforms and transcriptional programs. The image symbolizes how transcript diversity during neural development can give rise to cerebellar structure and cellular organization. Image credit: Ikuko Hasegawa.
An original hand-drawn conceptual illustration depicting the emergence of the mouse cerebellum from diverse transcript isoforms and transcriptional programs. The image symbolizes how transcript diversity during neural development can give rise to cerebellar structure and cellular organization. Image credit: Ikuko Hasegawa.
A painting by Georges de La Tour, "The Dice Players", described by the authors as a seventeenth-century scene of chance and suspected deception. People stand around a table playing a dice game, while the obscured lighting source casts stark shadows. The painting is from c. 1650–1651. Preston Park Museum & Grounds / Wikimedia Commons.
A cartoon schematic for the neural circuitry linking identity-specific expectations to action. When a reward-predictive cue is encountered (here, a billboard), the lateral orbitofrontal cortex (lOFC; red) generates an expectation about the specific identity of the anticipated reward. The strength of this identity-specific expectation predicts which reward a person will subsequently choose to pursue when two possible rewards have equal value. The nucleus accumbens (NAc; green) appears to act as a motivational amplifier, controlling how strongly the lOFC identity signal drives action selection in the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC; blue), which encodes the action required to obtain the anticipated reward. When NAc activity is high, lOFC identity expectations are strongly coupled to dACC action representations, but when it is low, this coupling is absent.
A painting by Georges de La Tour, "The Dice Players", described by the authors as a seventeenth-century scene of chance and suspected deception. People stand around a table playing a dice game, while the obscured lighting source casts stark shadows. The painting is from c. 1650–1651. Preston Park Museum & Grounds / Wikimedia Commons.