Kevin Lynch

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Second, the government's surplusage argument-that a temporal-only reading would render the phrase meaningless given the perpetual existence of national emergencies-fails for several reasons: The interpretation leaves no part of the statute without work to do; the argument depends on contingent factual assumptions about the permanence of emergency declarations; similar statutes use temporal language without requiring substantive connections; and the statute provides no principled way to determine what kind of substantive connection would suffice. Finally, the potential policy consequences the government highlights cannot overcome the statute's most natural reading. Pp. 9-16.
Google street view of the circle at Zonnestein and Beneluxbaan in Amstelveen, The Netherlands.