Refusing to Forget

@refusing2forget.bsky.social

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An award-winning public history project committed to sharing the history of state-sanctioned violence against Mexicans and Mexican Americans in Texas.

During the 1956 protest against desegregation at Mansfield High School, John Pyles held a baby alligator as a warning to any African American who appeared on the school grounds that they would be “gator bait.” (Fort Worth Star-Telegram Collection/University of Texas at Arlington Library)
Hamer
alleged photo of Red Lopez (middle) with other Mexican revolutionaries, image in the public domain
illustration from Utah's Greatest Manhunt, Fray Angélico Chávez History Library
cover of Utah's Greatest Manhunt, Fray Angélico Chávez History Library
alleged image of Lopez. Utah Humanities. , https://www.utahhumanities.org/stories/items/show/313
A young Rafael Lopez. From Max Boardman, “Raphael ‘Red’ Lopez,” True West Magazine, April 27, 2015. https://truewestmagazine.com/article/raphael-red-lopez/
Marvin Burton
Doug Swanson, Cult of Glory, page 332
October 1, 1956 FBI memo, https://vault.fbi.gov/Thurgood%20Marshall/Thurgood%20Marshall%20Part%201%20of%2011/view, page 80
FBI memo, September 30, 1956. https://vault.fbi.gov/Thurgood%20Marshall/Thurgood%20Marshall%20Part%201%20of%2011/view, page 76
NAACP Chief Counsel Thurgood Marshall in front of the Supreme Court, undated. Bettmann/Bettmann Archive. https://www.theguardian.com/law/2017/oct/08/thurgood-marshall-film-biopic-supreme-court
Antonio Longoria
Bass Reeves
Madero and Pascual Orozco. ca. March 29-April 8, 1911. Hacienda de Bustillos, Anahuac Municipe, Chihuahua, Mexico. American border troops and the Mexican Revolution Place: Parral, Chihuahua, Mexico Physical Description: 1 photographic print (postcard): gelatin silver; 9 x 14 cm File: ag1982_0015_126c_madero.jpg Rights: DeGolyer Library, Southern Methodist University. https://digitalcollections.smu.edu/digital/collection/mex/id/1815
Source: Francisco I. Madero, three-quarter length portrait. Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress. Reproduction Number: LC-USZ62-36672 (b&w film copy neg.) https://www.loc.gov/exhibits/mexican-revolution-and-the-united-states/rise-of-madero.html
“Pascual Orozco en Bachimba,” 4 de julio de 1912, derrota del General Pascual Orozco en Bachimba. Gobierno de Mexico, Secretaria de Defensa Nacional, 01 de Abril de 2019. https://www.gob.mx/sedena/documentos/4-de-julio-de-1912-derrota-del-general-pascua-orozco-en-bachimba?state=published
Source: Gen. Pascual Orozco. Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress. Reproduction Number: LC-USZ62-108596 (b&w film copy neg.) Call Number: BIOG FILE - Orozco, Gen. Pascual <item> [P&P], https://www.loc.gov/exhibits/mexican-revolution-and-the-united-states/rise-of-madero.html
Manuel Gonzaullas
J. M. Fox's 1911 Commission as “Captain of Rangers” and signed by the Governor. Photograph: Texas Ranger Hall of Fame and Museum, Loaned by Anthony S. Sapienza, D.M.D. / Cat. # L2018.007.024
JM Fox
Gunpowder Justice
Austin American Statesman 8-12-1915
Historical marker acknowledging and remembering the participants in El Plan de San Diego. https://refusingtoforget.org/plan-de-san-diego-mexican-american-spirit/.
J.T. Canales’ description of the Muñoz lynching. Canales hearings, p. 858-9
“A photograph taken in 2020 of Texas Ranger Museum display of a photograph of Daniel Hinojosa and Hinojosa’s Ranger commission.”
William Morrison’s description of the supposed abduction of Muñoz from the custody of Carr and Hinojosa. Canales Hearings, p. 27-8.
Austin American Statesman, July 29, 1915. From Lynching in Texas project, https://www.lynchingintexas.org/items/show/354