SPINA Team

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Current news on the Structure Parameter Inference Approach, a #cybernetic method for the diagnostic evaluation of #endocrine #homeostasis #SPINAThyr #SPINA_Carb #SPINA_Thyr http://spina.sf.net

Table: Clinical characteristics and thyroid-related measures of ATXN3 carriers and healthy controls. SPINA-GT is significantly higher in carriers of CAG repeat expansions in the ATXN3 gene than in healthy controls and especially in ataxic carriers.
Table from the paper: Thyroid antibodies, hormones, and calculated parameters of thyroid homeostasis in mothers of female infants included in the study (the intent-to-treat analysis). SPINA-GT and SPINA-GD rise in parallel to declining thyroid autoantibodies.
Figure from the paper showing the evolution of SPINA-GBeta with different levels of adherence to Mediterranean diet and exercise. SPINA-GBeta is reduced in the group with high adherence to Mediterranean diet, probably due to diminished workload of pancreatic beta-cells.
Relationship between Mediterranean Diet Adherence and Metabolic Health Markers: Correlation Analysis of Lipid Profile, Glucose Metabolism, and SPINA Indices. Spearman’s rank correlation coefficients (ρ) between baseline KIDMED score and key metabolic parameters, displayed as a heatmap stratified by sample: Total Sample (left), MedDiet group (center), and Exercise group (right). Color intensity reflects the magnitude of ρ, with teal indicating positive and purple indicating negative associations; grey cells (—) denote non-significant correlations (p ≥ 0.05). Asterisks indicate significance thresholds: * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001.
Figure from the paper: Two levels of perfusion in colour Doppler ultrasound. Low perfusion corresponds to level 1, high perfusion to level 2.
Table of the paper: Unadjusted and adjusted correlation models for the association between allostatic load and calculated biomarkers of thyroid homeostasis. The allostatic load correlates with Jostel's TSH index (TSHI), TTSI, TFQI and SPINA-GD.
Information processing structure of the feedback model. [G](t): glucose concentration; S(t): insulin secretion rate; [I](t): insulin concentration; M(t): proximal insulin signalling; N(t) distal insulin signalling; P(t): constitutive glucose production rate; Q(t): regulated glucose production rate; W(t): intestinal glucose absorption rate; R(t): glucose arrival rate. G1 and G3 represent gains of ASIA elements. Units of measurement are displayed in the small, rounded boxes with red margins.
Molecular Mechanisms in gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). Pregnancy-induced insulin resistance is driven by placental hormones (human placental lactogen (hPL), placental growth hormone, estrogen, progesterone, cortisol) and inflammatory cytokines (tumour necrosis factor α (TNF α), interleukin 6 (IL-6), interleukin 1β (IL-1β)). Inadequate β-cell adaptation due to mitochondrial dysfunction, and impaired incretin signaling leads to hyperglycemia. Dysregulated adipokines (decreased adiponectin, increased leptin, resistin, visfatin), oxidative stress, and epigenetic modifications (deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) methylation, non-coding ribonucleic acids (RNAs)) further exacerbate disease and contribute to adverse maternal and fetal outcomes.
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Video showing the two apps SPINA Thyr and SPINA Carb on a MacBook Air.
Screenshot of SPINA Carb 5.1.0 Cycline on macOS 15.5 Sequoia, showing two Windows (entry and results).
Screenshot of release candidate 3 of SPINA Carb 5.1 Cyclone on mac OS 15.5 Sequoia
Table: Characteristics of euthyroid subjects with benign disease or differentiated thyroid cancer. Patients with cancer have lower SPINA-GT and a higher set point (TSHI and TT4RI) than patients with benign nodules.
Screenshot of SPINA Carb 5.1.0 (Cyclone) RC2 on macOS Ventura 13.7.5.
Screenshot of SPINA Carb Release Candidate 1 for macOS
Box plots showing SPINA GT actual vs predicted values (a) in all euthyroid children divided in groups by quartiles of TSH values and (b) in children with normal TSH in the upper 2 quartiles and children with mild and severe SH (**P < 0.001, *P<0.01). The comparison with predicted results rules out that this association is due to spurious correlation.
Table showing endotypes of insulin-glucose homeostasis in patients with hidradenitis suppurative (HS or acne inversa) and different expressions of haptoglobin concentration. In persons with HS and a high haptoglobin concentration, insulin sensitivity (SPINA-GR) and beta-cell function (SPINA-GBeta) are similar but combine to provide a reduced disposition index (SPINA-DI).
Association between urinary chemicals and thyroid hormones, GD, and GT in the total population (Groups 1 and 2 combined): results from Quantile Gcomputation modeling. Age, BMI, urinary creatinine, education level, and group were adjusted. ‘Total’ includes MnBP, MBzP, ΣDEHPm, BPA, MeP, EtP, and PrP. ‘Phthalate metabolites’ include MnBP, MBzP, and ΣDEHPm. ‘Parabens’ include MeP, EtP, and PrP. *p < 0.05; #p < 0.1. Phthalate metabolites measured in both groups included mono(2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl) phthalate (MEHHP), mono-(2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl)phthalate (MEOHP), mono(5-carboxy-2-ethylpentyl) phthalate (MECPP), mono-n-butyl phthalate (MnBP), and MBzP. For parabens, methylparaben (MeP), EtP, and propylparaben (PrP) were measured.
Scatterplots showing a significant correlation of functional parameters of thyroid homeostasis (SPINA-GT and SPINA-GD) with the mechanical pain sensitivity (MPS) of QST (A), respiratory arrhythmia in HRV analysis (B) and depression percentiles in HADS (C).
Figure (Forest plot): Changes in the levels of thyroid hormone indicators in relation to a 1 ng/mL increase in paraben exposure across trimesters. Data are presented in terms of adjusted regression coefficient and 95% confidence interval values. Exposure to butylparaben significantly reduces #SPINA-GD, whereas ethylparaben slightly increases #SPINA_GT in pregnancy, depending on the trimenon.
Table showing the results of correlation analysis of features associated with fatigue scores in Long COVID. Both FT3/FT4 ratio and SPINA-GD significantly correlate to the FS-14 score.
In an unselected population sample (NHANES 2009/2010), persons with low thyroid's secretory capacity (SPINA-GT) and total step-up deiodinase activity (SPINA-GD) face significantly worse survival over 10 years.
(A, B) Reliability of SPINA-derived parameters is higher than that of measured hormone concentrations. Shown are results of Monte Carlo evaluation of SPINA-GT and SPINA-GD based on simulated imprecise hormone assays. Hormone concentrations were modeled in SimThyr 4.0 with different pre-defined values for GT and GD, respectively. Subsequently, absolute hormone levels were converted to measurements by means of an S script that injected additive and multiplicative noise in order to get vendor-reported concentration-dependent coefficients of variation (CV). The lines show the mean SD of hormone concentrations predicted by structure parameters calculated from simulated noisy measurements. CVs as markers for measurement reliability of SPINA-GT and SPINA-GD are below 10% in all cases, although CVs of corresponding hormone assays exceed 20% in low concentrations. (C) SPINA-GT is sensitive for thyroid disorders of primary origin and specific with respect to secondary dysfunction. The plots show the distribution of hormone concentrations in certain primary and secondary thyroid conditions compared to normal percentiles of SPINA-GT. The green crossing rectangles define univariate reference ranges for TSH and FT4, respectively. The purple lines represent FT4 concentrations at the 2 and 97% percentiles of SPINA-GT. (D) SPINA-GD is an estimate for deiodination. Shown is the correlation between SPINA-GD and conversion rate in slow tissue pools.
Dose-response relationship between PFAS and thyroid homeostasis parameters (FT3/FT4 and SPINA-GD). (A) Dose-response relationship between PFAS and FT3/FT4; (B) Dose-response relationship between PFAS and SPINA-GD. Analyses adjusted for age, sex, race/ethnicity, education, family income to poverty ratio, marital status, hypertension, diabetes, total calories, smoking, BMI group, urinary iodine status, and antibody positivity (TgAb positivity or TPOAb positivity).
Definition of three clusters from free T4 and TSH concentration. Shown are data points from individual persons in the two-dimensional FT4-TSH space, marked with colours according to the cluster, and silhouette plots.
Table: Markers of thyroid function in the study population: FT3 and SPINA-GD are significantly decreased in non-survivors, whereas SPINA-GT is increased in fatal cases of Takotsubo syndrome.
The association between the maximum global activity of peripheral deiodinases (SPINA-GD) in young women with autoimmune thyroiditis and kynurenine pathway metabolites, (a) kynurenic acid (KYNA), (b) anthranilic acid (AA), (c) quinolinic acid (QA), (d) 3-HAA/AA ratio, (e) 3-hydroxykynurenine (3-HKYN), (f) the results of multiple regression analysis with SPINA-GD as a dependent variable.
Table: Comparison of demographic factors, thyroid function and structure parameters of thyroid homeostasis among psychiatric patients and controls
Screenshot of SPINA Thyr 4.2.1 on macOS Ventura 13.6.4
Family tree with affected and sequenced individuals.
Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves for insulin sensitivity index (ISI), insulinogenic index (IGI), the disposition index according to Matsuda and DeFronzo, HOMA-IR (homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance), HOMA-Beta (homeostatic model assessment of β-cell function), QUICKI (quantitative insulin sensitivity check index), SPINA-GR (reconstructed insulin receptor gain), SPINA-GBeta (secretory capacity of pancreatic beta cells) and SPINA-DI (structure parameter inference approach-disposition index). SPINA-DI has high discriminatory power for the distinction between diabetes and normal glucose homeostasis. ROC curves and corresponding areas under the curve (AUC) are shown for several markers for the function of the insulin-glucose feedback control in the validation dataset. The area under the curve is highest for SPINA-DI (0.90).
Table: SPINA-GT rises in women with autoimmune thyroiditis under therapy with metformin, but remains constant in women without thyroid autoimmunity.
Pearson correlation between paraben and thyroid hormones and IGF-1
Thyroid parameters and body mass index in subclinically or overtly hyperthyroid patients (TSH < 0.4 mIU/l) with toxic adenoma, Graves’ disease or LT4-treated carcinoma, stratified by their FT4 concentration (euthyroid vs hyperthyroid). The hormonal patterns differed between the treatment categories. FT4 concentrations were higher in the treated patients, deiodinase activity was markedly lower, but FT3 concentrations similar. Body mass index was also different between diagnostic categories despite “normal” FT4. Statistical comparison between etiological groups overall and in FT4-subgroups is based on Kruskal-Wallis test
The association between TyG index and thyroid parameters shows a strong correlation to SPINA-GD.
Table: Metabolic and echocardiographic parameters in borderline personality disorder (BPD) and age-matched control subjects. Thyroid output is increased in BPD. This results from elevated thyroid's secretory capacity (SPINA-GT).