Thomas-M. Stein @tmsstein.com · Apr 19

"Additionally, we found no statistically significant differences in prevalence of dependence between non-smoker current vapers and non-vaper current smokers in either fixed or random effect model;".. "indicating that e-cigarettes are as addictive as cigarettes"... Kundu et al., 2025

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Charles A. Gardner, PhD · Apr 19

Cigarette dependence is both behavioral AND pharmacological, as the US Surgeon General pointed out back in 1988. Nicotine vapes replicate some of the behavioral factors... FYI: American Psychiatric Association dropped the word "addictive" over a decade ago because it causes stigma.